Examinando por Autor "Urbina, Mauricio A"

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    Environmental Stability Drives and Maintains the Global Patterns of Phylogenetic Endemism in the Marine Realm
    (Wiley, 2025) Rivera, Reinaldo; Gonzalez, Carolina E; Hidalgo, Pamela; Urbina, Mauricio A; Escribano, Ruben
    Aim: Endemism is a critical aspect of biological diversity, yet the mechanisms driving it remain unclear. The leading hypoth-esis posits that prolonged environmental stability fosters speciation and reduces extinction rates, promoting endemism. Whileterrestrial studies exist, marine environments remain underexplored. This study analysed the global distribution and drivers ofphylogenetic endemism in two marine taxa: Calanidae copepods and Blenniidae fish.Location: Global.Time Period: From the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, past 24,000 years) to the current period.Taxa: Calanidae copepods and Blenniidae fish.Methods: We assessed taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity, endemism and areas of paleo- and neo-endemism usingCategorical Analysis of Neo- and Paleo-Endemism and Piecewise Structural Equation Modelling to evaluate the influence ofpresent-day and historical environmental variables.Results: Results showed consistent diversity patterns and significant endemism hotspots, with Calanidae in the SouthernHemisphere and Blenniidae in the Northern Hemisphere. Tropical regions, particularly the Indonesian-Australian Archipelago(IAA), exhibited high species richness and endemism for both groups. Paleo- endemism was observed in the Pacific for Calanidaeand the IAA for Blenniidae, suggesting that these areas are either relict diversity centres or diversification hubs.Main Conclusions: The Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas emerged as biodiversity cradles for Calanidae and Blenniidae re-spectively. Phylogenetic endemism is driven by both historical and contemporary factors, with centres of endemism emergingin regions where past environmental fluctuations have been moderate (hypothesis 1) and where cold, productive ocean currentsfoster the development of endemic areas (hypothesis 2). These findings underscore the importance of historical stability in oceantemperatures in shaping phylogenetic endemism, indicating that long-term environmental stability sustains marine endemism