Critical Role of Iodine and Thyroid Hormones During Pregnancy

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dc.contributor.authorMoreno-Reyes, Rodrigo
dc.contributor.authorFuentes Pena, Camilo
dc.contributor.authorNunez, Jonathan F
dc.contributor.authorSanchez, Maria Belen
dc.contributor.authorCarvajal, Jonatan J
dc.contributor.authorRoble, Katherine
dc.contributor.authorMendoza-Leon, Maria Jose
dc.contributor.authorRangel-Ramirez, Ma. Andreina
dc.contributor.authorOpazo, Ma. Cecilia
dc.contributor.authorLay, Margarita K
dc.contributor.authorRiedel, Claudia A
dc.contributor.authorGuzman-Gutierrez, Enrique
dc.contributor.authorMackern-Oberti, Juan Pablo
dc.contributor.authorJara, Evelyn L
dc.date.accessioned2026-08-28T01:25:37Z
dc.date.available2026-08-28T01:25:37Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractIodine is an essential micronutrient that is required for thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis. However, adequate maternal thyroid function is critical for fetal growth and neurodevelopment. Pregnancy increases iodine requirements due to enhanced renal clearance, higher maternal TH production, and transplacental transfer, making pregnant women especially vulnerable to iodine deficiency. In this review, we examine the molecular mechanisms of TH synthesis and regulation, placental transport and metabolism, and the physiological adaptations of thyroid function during gestation. We also analyze the clinical and public health consequences of iodine imbalances, ranging from deficiency to excess. Evidence indicates that mild iodine deficiency—which is common even in developed countries—can lead to maternal thyroid overstimulation, increased thyroglobulin levels, altered T3/T4 ratios, and enlarged thyroid volume, while severe deficiency results in maternal and fetal hypothyroidism with irreversible neurocognitive impairment in the offspring. Conversely, excessive iodine intake may impair fetal thyroid function through mechanisms such as the Wolff–Chaikoff effect. In conclusion, ensuring balanced iodine intake through iodized salt, supplementation, and routine thyroid monitoring during pregnancy is essential to protect maternal health and optimize early neurodevelopment.
dc.description.sponsorshipANID/FOVI230114; Joint Cooperation Commission between Chile and Wallonia-Bruxelles International (WBI) [CMP 2022-2025]; Vicerrectora de Investigacin y Desarrollo, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcin, Chile [2021000369MUL]; Iodine Global Network (IGN) [SRB2025]
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ijms262110247
dc.identifier.issn1661-6596
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorioabierto.uantof.cl/handle/uantof/721
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.sourceInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences
dc.subjectthyroid hormones
dc.subjectiodine
dc.subjectpregnancy
dc.subjectplacenta
dc.subjecthypothyroidism
dc.titleCritical Role of Iodine and Thyroid Hormones During Pregnancy
dc.typeReview
oaire.citation.volume26
oaire.citationIssue21
organization.identifier.rorhttps://ror.org/04eyc6d95
organization.legalNameUniversidad de Antofagasta
uantof.identificator.centerCentro de Investigación en Inmunología y Biotecnología Biomédica de Antofagasta
uantof.identificator.departmentDepartamento de Biotecnología
uantof.identificator.facultyFacultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos
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