Departamento de Odontología

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Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Crown Lengthening: A Piezoelectric Assisted Case Series with 4-Year Follow-Up
(2022) Andrés Gómez Morales; Renzo Caselli Morgado; Rodrigo Florio Mogollones; Ricardo Clavería Jiménez; Paola Bezama Benguria
Aim: This retrospective study aims to reveal the clinical outcome at 48 months of a minimally invasive crown lengthening technique performing an intrasurcular flapless osteotomy, using a piezoelectric tip designed for this purpose. Material and Methods: All subjects in the current case series required esthetic crown lengthening procedures in the anterior esthetic zone of the maxilla. Prosthetic planning was carried out, which included a digital waxup of the ideal tooth morphology, which allowed constructing a surgical guide to transfer the proposed gingival margins to the patient. Gingivectomy was performed by using an electrosurgery system Perfect TCS IITM (Coltene Whaledent) and osteotomy by using a piezoelectric insert PiezoSmileTM (BROK) until achieving a bone crestgingival margin distance similar to the presurgical. Results: 57 patients were followed postoperatively for 48 months. During the post-operative period, healing, complications, periodontal and aesthetic health parameters including the position of the gingival margin were observed. WES, PES and RES indexes showed an optimal integration with the restorative materials and a good aesthetic result. Conclusion: Minimally invasive crown lengthening technique with electrosurgery and a piezoelectric insert is effective in repositioning the gingival margin in a stable and predictable manner within a 48 months follow-up.
Prevalence of burnout in undergraduate dental students: a systematic review
(2022) Karen Pomareda Lagos; Constanza Garrido Urrutia
Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia del burnout y de sus tres dimensiones en estudiantes de grado de la carrera de odontología, mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda biomédica en la base de datos PubMed respecto a la prevalencia de burnout y sus dimensiones en estudiantes de grado de odontología, medidos con cuestionarios MBI-HSS y MBI-SS, en inglés entre 2002 y 2019. Los estudios fueron seleccionados por dos investigadores en forma independiente de acuerdo con los criterios de elegibilidad. Se realizó análisis de sesgo de los estudios y una revisión cualitativa de los artículos incluidos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 artículos. Existe gran variabilidad en las prevalencias reportadas por los artículos revisados, que van entre 7% y 41,3% en estudios con el cuestionario MBI-SS, y entre un 25,6% a 50,9% en los que usaron el cuestionario MBI-HSS. Conclusión: La totalidad de los estudios indican que la presencia de burnout durante la formación de grado en odontología es una problemática que debe ser abordada y que para disminuir su frecuencia es necesario realizar mejoras en la formación de grado en odontología.
Hiperplasia Adenomatoide en Reborde Alveolar Maxilar: Una Presentación Inusual
(2022) Richard Ahumada Ossandón; Ricardo Clavería Jiménez
La hiperplasia adenomatoide (HA) se considera una patología no neoplásica de etiología desconocida asociada principalmente a trauma como principal factor causal, con localización frecuente en paladar duro y blando. El presente caso muestra el primer caso de HA en reborde alveolar asociado a prótesis removible mal adaptada. Hombre de 81 años con diabetes mellitus y HTA controlada presentaba un aumento de volumen nodular en reborde alveolar maxilar del color de la mucosa, de consistencia firme y márgenes definidos que medía 1,5 x 0,7 cm de diámetro, asintomático y asociada a falta de diente 1.3 protésico reportando 6 años de evolución. Se realizó biopsia excisional y estudio histopatológico con hiperplasia de acinos glandulares. El 80 % de los casos se observa en paladar seguida de la mucosa oral, lengua y zona retromolar, pero sin reportes en encía o reborde alveolar. El factor causal mayormente asociado es el trauma crónico principalmente asociado a prótesis mal adaptadas, aunque existen estudios de un cromosoma aberrante con un rol desconocido tanto en su patogénesis como en su posible potencial maligno. En el caso actual, la lesión se asocia fuertemente a prótesis removible mal adaptada sugiriendo una lesión de aspecto reactivo. Por lo tanto, la HA se debe incluir como diagnóstico diferencial tanto a nivel palatino como en otras localizaciones incluyendo reborde alveolar. Además, se debe considerar cuando existe un factor etiológico traumatico como prótesis removibles mal adaptadas, siendo necesario su confirmación mediante estudio histopatológico especialmente por su similitud con otras patologías.
ANALYSIS OF CLINICAL INDICATORS OF TELEDENTISTRY MANAGEMENT FOR THE ELDERLY POPULATION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN CHILE
(2022) Patricio Ly; Alfredo von Marttens; Andrés Ly; Juan Fonseca; Víctor Beltrán
Objective: To analyze clinical indicators of teledentistry management for the elderly population during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. Material and Methods: A pilot teledentistry project was developed for dental care of the elderly in 5 regions of Chile. The data obtained were recorded on the TEGO Platform to be subsequently selected and analyzed by the researchers in terms of clinical management indicators: degree of installed occupancy, degree of available occupation, degree of real occupation, interconsultation indicator per patient attended, urgencies according to reason for consultations, unpostponable prosthetic treatment according to reason for consultations, prevention in relation to granted benefits, prevention in relation to the patients cared for, and project absenteeism indicator. Results: The clinical management indicators obtained were as follows: The average degree of installed occupancy was 67%. The average degree of available occupancy was 78%, which accounts for the clinical time in which there are dental chairs and dentists willing to work. The average real occupancy degree was 86%. The average interconsultation indicator per patient observed was 25%. The indicator of urgencies according to the reason for the consultation was 95%, which indicates that the purpose of the study was fulfilled. The average unpostponable prosthetic treatment according to the reason for consultations was 5%. The prevention in relation to granted benefits reached 39%. Finally, the average indicator of absenteeism was 17%. Conclusion: The measurement of clinical management indicators contributes to meet the Chilean Ministry of Health Explicit Health Guarantees (GES), which are: Access, Timely Attention, Quality and Financial Protection.
Facial paralysis after intraoral anesthetic injection: A systematic review
(2022) Nicolás Ferrer-Valdivia; Melissa Fernández-Córdova; Víctor Herrera-Barraza; Jorge Araya
Many complications can occur after the injection of local intraoral anesthetics (ILIA) before dental intervention. Facial paralysis (FP) is one of these complications. The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the association between ILIA and FP. A systematic review was carried out taking into account the methodology of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the PRISMA statement. The search strategy used “Palsy AND Facial” and “Paralysis AND Facial” as search terms. The ScienceDirect, PubMed and Scopus databases were searched using the “dentistry journal” filter. The inclusion criteria included studies describing FP after or during ILIA that were published in dental journals. The CAse REports (CARE) checklist was applied in evaluating the methodological quality of case reports. A total of 2,462 articles (algorithm) were identified. After reviewing titles and abstracts, 18 articles were deemed relevant taking into account the objectives of this study. Only 13 of them, after reading the full text, met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Case reports on 18 cases of FP were analyzed, 12 of which described the early development of FP (onset within 24 h) and 6 the late development (onset after 24 h). Acceptable compliance with CARE guidelines was observed in the included studies . Early FP CRs presented the effect of the administered anesthetic on the facial nerve, and the vascular effect of the vasoconstrictor included in the anesthetic formula, while more recent FP CRs focused on the reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) or varicella-zoster virus (VZV).
Ambiente educacional de los estudiantes de la carrera de odontología de la Universidad de Antofagasta durante el periodo de pandemia por COVID-19
(2021) Francisco Rojas Vilches; Irma Rosales Miranda; Andrés Briceño Ramos; Catalina Donoso Rodríguez
Se analizó el Ambiente Educacional (AE) de los estudiantes de carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de Antofagasta en contexto de pandemia por COVID-19, a través de un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal, utiliza como instrumento el cuestionario DREEM en la población de estudiantes de 1ro a 6to año desde marzo a mayo del año 2021. Se utilizó el software Stata versión 16 para el análisis estadístico con un intervalo de confianza de un 95%. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 115 estudiantes. Se obtuvo una valorización positiva del ambiente educacional con una media general del puntaje DREMM de 106.74 ±10.04 (de un máximo de 200) siendo 5to año el curso con la valorización más negativa con 99 ± 13.63 puntos. De los 5 dominios evaluados con este instrumento, la percepción de los profesores registró las diferencias significativas más relevantes con valores p menores a 0.05 asociadas a percepciones negativas entre los estudiantes. Fue posible detectar un ambiente educacional positivo en el periodo de marzo a mayo del año 2021, no obstante, posiblemente existen otros factores no analizados a través del instrumento DREEM que podrían estar influyendo en los resultados
Periodontal disease and its impact on general health in Latin America. Section I: Introduction part I
(2020) Jorge Gamonal; Joel Bravo; Zilson Malheiros; Bernal Stewart; Alicia Morales; Franco Cavalla; Mariel Gomez
A high level of general and oral health are invaluable assets, a factor not always considered a basic human right for their better life quality. The mouth is a critical point of contact with the external environment, which is established when we talk, chew, swallow and when food digestion begins. From a perspective of the human condition, the mouth is crucial for the integration of sound, social appearance of the individual, and is one of the fundamental components of overall health. Therefore, not having an adequate level of oral health affects self-esteem, quality of life and people’s general well-being.
Asociación entre el triángulo hioideo negativo y la respiración oral
(2020) Daniela Flores Toro; Joel Bravo Bown
Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre la presencia del triángulo hioideo negativo y la respiración oral. Métodos. Se analizó un total de 100 telerradiografías de perfil, 50 de pacientes con respiración nasal y 50 con respiración oral, 70% de pacientes de sexo femenino y 30% masculino. El 59% correspondió a pacientes de entre 20 a 30 años de edad, el 21% de entre 10-20 años, el 15% de entre 30-40 años y el 5% de entre 40-50 años. Los criterios de inclusión fueron fichas clínicas de pacientes que posean telerradiografías de perfil con registro del tipo de respiración (oral o nasal). Los criterios de exclusión fueron fichas clínicas de pacientes con telerradiografía en formato digital, con errores de posicionamiento o dañadas o de sujetos con síndromes genéticos, sin tratamiento de ortodoncia/ ortopedia previos. Se realizó trazado cefalométrico manual (técnica de Rocabado). Se aplicó análisis estadístico descriptivo y prueba estadística Chi2 de Pearson a través de tablas de contingencia. Resultados. Se detectó que existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,001) entre la presencia de un triángulo hioideo negativo y la respiración oral, siendo los pacientes de sexo femenino (p < 0,001) y de 10 a 20 años de edad los que la presentaron con mayor frecuencia (81%). Conclusiones. En la población de estudio analizada existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de triángulo hioideo negativo y la respiración oral, lo que parece estar relacionado con el sexo y la edad.
Utility of the Backscattering Scanning Electron Microscopy in the Study of Peri-implantitis.
(2020) Ivan Valdivia-Gandur; Wilson Astudillo-Rozas; María Manzanares-Céspedez
Implants infections, a current challenge for medicine and dentistry.
(2020) Daniel Betancur; Camilo Ulloa; Alejandra Chaparro; Bernando Venegas; Iván Valdivia-Gandur; Victor Beltrán.
Comparison of Total Anaerobic Microbiota in Periodontitis Before and After the Subgingival Irrigation with Chlorhexidine at 0.12 %
(2019) Lorena Mejías; Diego Iriarte; Rodolfo Sanchez; Iván Neira; Joel Bravo
El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto de la irrigaci n subgingival de la clorhexidina 0,12 % sobre la microbiota anaer bica total. Se tomaron muestras microbiol gicas a 30 sujetos con periodontitis estadio II grado B, en sacos periodontales con una profundidad de sondaje > 4 mm. Se realizó la irrigación subgingival con 5 mL. de clorhexidina en el grupo test y con 5 mL. de agua destilada en el grupo control. 24 horas después del procedimiento se obtuvo una segunda muestra a comparar. Se detectó que la irrigación subgingival con clorhexidina al 0,12 % logra disminuir en forma estadísticamente significativa la microbiota anaeróbica total (p< 0,05).
Immediate Small-Diameter Implants as Abutments for an Overdenture in the Edentulous Atrophic Mandible: Report of Immersion Endoscopic Bone in vivo, and Histologic Bone-Implant Evaluation After 6 Months of Function
(2019) Víctor Beltrán; Ricardo Lillo; Benjamín Weber; Iván Valdivia-Gandur; María Cristina Manzanares-Céspedes; Wilfried Engelke
The aim of this report was to endoscopically evaluate bone quality in vivo in the immediate installation of temporary small-diameter implants, and again after 6 months of function, through an attachments system for overdenture, in the atrophic mandible of a patient. We also histologically evaluated bone-implant interaction in these temporary small-diameter implants, once the success of the osseointegration of the submerged implants was guaranteed. A patient received a total of 6 implants in the atrophic mandible, two of which were immediately loaded with a provisional prosthesis, and four were left to heal in a submerged way. Further, an immersion endoscopic evaluation was performed during bone drilling, and this showed a compact bone structure with limited vascularization and predominantly cortical structure.This immediate loading protocol involving an overdenture retained by two small-diameter implants of 2.9 mm in the atrophic mandible proved to be successful after 6 months of loading. Clinical and histologic osseointegration was consistently achieved for both of the retrieved immediately loaded implants. This modality allows the patient to be restored with a stable, functional, and aesthetic prosthesis during the osseointegration period of submerged implants and soft-tissue healing, before the removal of the provisional implants. The histological evaluation of bone-implant contact found that the space between the implant threads closer to the surface was filled with woven bone and lamellar bone, but the tissue in contact with the cervical portion of the implants was compatible with cortical bone organization. Also, the newly formed bone has a regular cell distribution and characteristics of advanced maturation after 6 months of function in the atrophic mandible. Anchored overdentures in 2 to 4 small-diameter implants (2.9 mm) for edentulous patients with severe atrophy of the mandible with cortical bone would be a minimally invasive alternative.
Simultaneous Osseo- and Odontointegration of Titanium Implants: Description of Two Cases in Human and Animal Models and Review of Their Experimental and Clinical Implications
(2024) Iván Valdivia-Gandur; María Cristina Manzanares-Céspedes; Wilson Astudillo-Rozas; Oscar Aceituno-Antezana; Victòria Tallón-Walton; Víctor Beltrán
Two cases of calcified bone and dental tissue integration with titanium implants are presented, along with a review of the literature on their experimental and clinical implications. First, histological analyses of a titanium implant extracted from a patient with iimplant disease revealed the integration of both dental and bone tissue on the implant’s surface. Secondly, a biocompatibility study in an animal model documented two implants in contact with tooth roots. Samples from both animal and human models demonstrated simultaneous osseointegration and dental tissue neoformation, with the latter attributed to the activity of cementoblasts. The literature review confirms the formation of cementum around dental implants in contact with teeth. Certain clinical reports have proposed the insertion of implants into bone sites containing impacted teeth as a conservative treatment alternative, avoiding the need for tooth extraction surgery and demonstrating the successful integration of teeth, bone, and dental implants. Furthermore, the documented natural formation of periodontal tissues around dental implants provided a foundation for tissue engineering studies aimed at realizing implant–bone relationships similar to those of natural bone–tooth structures. The primary challenges remain the long-term preservation of periodontal-like tissue formed on implants and the imparting of functional proprioceptive properties.
Moderate and Severe Dental Fluorosis in the Rural Population of Anantapur, India: Change in Their Biological Susceptibility?
(2022) Trina Mylena García-Escobar; Iván Valdivia-Gandur; Wilson Astudillo-Rozas; Oscar Aceituno-Antezana; Balasubbaiah Yamadala; Vicente Lozano de Luaces; Eduardo Chimenos-Küstner; María Cristina Manzanares-Céspedes
Dental fluorosis affects the quality of life. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in a community affected by endemic fluorosis for several generations with a conserved biological and social environment. The study included patients from the rural population of Anantapur, India. The Dean index (DI) and the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI) were used for fluorosis classification. Additionally, water samples were collected for fluoride analysis, taken from the patients’ living areas. The statistical association between the variables was analyzed. In total, 785 patients between 10 and 60 years old were included in the study (58.7% women and 41.3% men). Fluorosis signs were found in 94.6% of patients examined using the DI and 94.4% using the TFI. Moderate–severe dental fluorosis was observed in 62.8% by DI and 73.1% by TFI consuming untreated water with up to 2.9 ppm of fluoride. Furthermore, moderate–severe dental fluorosis was observed in 33.2% by DI and 39.9% by TFI consuming water with 1.5 ppm of fluoride. The high prevalence of moderate–severe dental fluorosis in patients consuming water with a low fluoride concentration suggests that other factors are involved. Biological susceptibility change could play an essential role in the severity of dental fluorosis in populations exposed for several generations, affecting its actual and future quality of life.
Relationships between Clinical and Non-Clinical Variables concerning Traumatic Dental Injuries in Deciduous Teeth Attended in a Children’s Hospital
(2023) Elvira Ferrés-Amat; Cristina Díaz-Martínez; Sira Herrera-Martínez; Neus Galofré-Kessler; Wilson Astudillo-Rozas; Oscar Aceituno-Antezana; Iván Valdivia-Gandur; Isabel Maura-Solivellas
This study aimed to describe Traumatic Dental Injuries (TDI) in a child population, with a discussion focused on the impact of non-clinical variables on TDI. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and relational study about TDI in deciduous dentition in a children’s hospital was performed. A total of 166 patients were included, of which 51.8% were male and 48.2% were female. Subluxation was the most observed injury (37.5%), and high-severity lesions predominated (60.2%). Regarding nonclinical variables, 89.2% of the patients attended urgent care centers within 24 h, and 43.4% within the first 3 h. Pointed objects were the leading cause of TDI (47%). Most TDIs were concentrated between the ages of 2 and 4 (53.5%). Concerning the place of TDI occurrence, the school (41.6%) was associated with faster urgent dental care attendance, and the home (37.3%) was associated with TDI occurrence in children under 2 years of age. Previous TDI experience (24.1% of patients) did not generate differences in the time interval between the TDI and arrival at the hospital, compared with children without a TDI history. While the behavior of clinical variables agrees with the literature reviewed, several non-clinical variables show wide differences. There is a need to identify the non-clinical variables that can significantly interact with phenomena specific to the study population (social, demographic, and cultural). The study of these variables can be useful in applying health policies. In the group studied, the non-clinical data reveals the need to educate parents or guardians on the importance of timely care in TDI, the long-term consequences of traumatism affecting deciduous dentition, and the implication of the maturation of the child’s motor skills in TDI.
Complications post simple exodontia: A systematic review
(2022) Víctor Herrera Barraza; Sofía Arroyo-Larrondo; Melissa Fernández-Córdova; Daniela Catricura-Cerna; Constanza Garrido-Urrutia; Nicolás Ferrer-Valdivia
Exodontia procedures are not without complications, which are the dentist’s responsibility to avoid by taking into account clinical, imaging, systemic, and operative factors, among others. The purpose of this systematic review is to determine and analyze the prevalence of complications post simple exodontia (CPES). The method used in this systematic review was adapted from the Cochrane Handbook and PRISMA statement. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect using the search terms “Exodontia” AND “Complications”. The search was conducted from the starting coverage date to January 31, 2020. The inclusion criteria were studies on simple exodontia, studies on CPES prevalence and human studies. Studies on complications after third molar exodontia, generalities in exodontia, narratives and systematics literature reviews, book chapters, and animal studies were excluded. A total of 1,446 articles were found in the first search using the search strategy (725 in PubMed, 96 in Scopus and 631 in ScienceDirect). After duplicates were removed, 948 articles were obtained. After reading the title and abstract, 9 articles were read in full. Finally, 3 articles were included in the review, with the most common complications being trismus, alveolitis, pain, dehiscence, infections, and retained roots. Trismus of the chewing muscles, alveolitis and retained roots were the most prevalent CPES, which were most likely related to the surgeon’s experience, surgery duration and tissue trauma during surgery.
How dental students’ course experiences and satisfaction of their basic psychological needs influence passion for studying in Chile
(2019) Cesar Orisini; Jorge Tricio; Doris Tapia; Cristina Segura
Purpose: This study aimed to determine how the general course experiences of dental students in Chile and the satisfaction or frustration of their basic psychological needs influenced their passion for studying, and how passion influenced students’ study strategies. Methods: A correlational cross-sectional study was conducted at 3 Chilean dental schools between April and June 2018, in which 935 undergraduate students participated. Students responded to Spanish-language versions of 4 psychological scale tools: the Course Experience Questionnaire, the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfac¬tion and Frustration Scale, the Passion Scale, and the Revised Study Process Questionnaire. Data were analysed with bivariate correlations and structural equation modelling, controlling for age, gender, year of study, and type of university. Results: Students’ general course experiences (i.e., good teaching, clear goals and standards, appropriate assessment, and appropriate workload) positively predicted basic need satisfaction and negatively predicted need frustration. Need satisfaction positively predicted passion in students, with stronger scores for harmonious passion. Basic need frustration positively predicted obsessive passion and negatively predicted harmonious passion. Harmonious passion positively predicted deep study strategies and negatively predicted surface study strategies, while obsessive passion positively predicted both deep and surface study strategies. Conclusion: Dental students’ optimal course experiences positively influenced the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, which favoured harmonious over obsessive passion. In turn, harmonious over obsessive passion positively influenced deep study strategies. Therefore, efforts should be made to provide course experiences that support students’ basic needs and harmonious passion for studying, both in classroom and chair-side teaching.
Observational cross-sectional study of Trichomonas tenax in patients with periodontal disease attending a Chilean university dental clinic
(2019) Casandra Bracamonte-Wolf; Patricio R. Orrego; Christian Muñoz; Daniel Herrera; Joel Bravo; Jorge Gonzalez; Héctor Varela; Alejandro Catalán; Jorge E. Araya
Background: The oral flagellated protozoan Trichomonas tenax has been associated with patients with periodontal disease. However, no recent studies have been conducted on the prevalence of T. tenax in Chile. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of T. tenax in patients with periodontal disease, admitted to the Dental Clinic of the University of Antofagasta, Chile, through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of the beta-tubulin gene. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 patients diagnosed with periodontal disease, 20 of them with gingivitis and 30 with periodontitis. T. tenax was identified by PCR amplification of the beta-tubulin gene. Associations between the protozoan and periodontal disease or the presence of risk factors to establish T. tenax infection were determined using the chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis. Results: T. tenax was present in 28 out of 50 (56%) of patients with periodontal disease, and was more prevalent when associated with periodontitis (21 out of 30; 70%) than dental plaque-induced gingivitis (7 out of 20; 35%). Non-statistically-significant associations were observed between the presence of T. tenax and age, gender, smoking habit or diabetes. Statistically significant associations were observed between the presence of T. tenax and periodontal disease, and between T. tenax and the Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) index. Conclusion: T. tenax showed a high presence in patients with progressive states of periodontal diseases. Consequently, T. tenax detection is strongly recommended in patients with periodontal disease diagnosis and with a PSR index greater than 3.
Clinical effects of probiotic or azithromycin as an adjunct to scaling and root planning in the treatment of stage III periodontitis: a pilot randomized controlled clinical trial
(2021) Alicia Morales; Rafael Contador; Joel Bravo; Paola Carvajal; Nora Silva; Franz-Josef Strauss; Jorge Gamonal
Background: The aim of this triple-blind placebo-controlled parallel-arm randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 or azithromycin as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with stage III periodontitis. Methods: Forty-seven systemically healthy participants with stage III periodontitis were recruited. Following SRP, the participants were randomly assigned to one of three treatment modalities; (1) placebo (n = 15), (2) probiotics (n = 16) and (3) antibiotics-azithromycin (n = 16). The participants were monitored at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after therapy. Probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and plaque accumulation (PI) were evaluated. Results: All 47 participants completed the study. At 12 months, all groups showed significant improvements of PPD and PI (p < 0.012) irrespective of the treatment modality and without significant differences between the groups. Probiotics and azithromycin showed no added benefit in terms of CAL. While the placebo (p = 0.002) and the antibioticazithromycin (p = 0.002) group showed a significant reduction of BOP, only the placebo group revealed a significant reduction of CAL at 12 months follow-up (p = 0.003). The number of sites and teeth with PPD ≥ 5, ≥ 6 and ≥ 7 mm were significantly reduced in all groups at 12 months follow-up (p < 0.025) irrespective of the treatment regime and without significant differences between the groups. Conclusion: The use of probiotics or azithromycin as an adjunct to SRP failed to provide additional benefits in the treatment of stage III periodontitis. The benefits of these two treatment regimes as an adjunct to SRP remain unclear.

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