Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos

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Inactivated Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Variant-SpeciﬁcImmunity in Children
(2022) Jorge A. Soto; Felipe Melo González; Cristián Gutierrez Vera; Bárbara M. Schultz; Roslye V. Berríos Rojas; Daniela Rivera Pérez; Alejandro Piña Iturbe; Guillermo Hoppe Elsholz; Luisa F. Duarte; Yaneisi Vázquez; Daniela Moreno Tapia; Mariana Ríos; Pablo A. Palacios; Richard Garcia Betancourt; Álvaro Santibañez; Gaspar A. Pacheco; Constanza Mendez; Catalina A. Andrade; Pedro H. Silva; Benjamín Diethelm Varela; Patricia Astudillo; Mario Calvo; Antonio Cárdenas; Marcela González; Macarena Goldsack; Valentina Gutiérrez; Marcela Potin; Andrea Schilling; Lorena I. Tapia; Loreto Twele; Rodolfo Villena; Alba Grifoni; Alessandro Sette; Daniela Weiskopf; Rodrigo A. Fasce; Jorge Fernández; Judith Mora; Eugenio Ramírez; Aracelly Gaete Argel; Mónica L. Acevedo; Fernando Valiente Echeverría; Ricardo Soto Rifo; Angello Retamal Díaz; Nathalia Muñoz Jofré; PedCoronaVac03CL Study Group; Xing Meng; Qianqian Xin; Eduardo Alarcón Bustamante; José V. González Aramundiz; Nicole Le Corre; María Javiera Álvarez Figueroa; Pablo A. González; Katia Abarca; Cecilia Perret; Leandro J. Carreño; Susan M. Bueno; Alexis M. Kalergis
Multiple vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been evaluated in clinical trials. However, trials addressing the immune response in the pediatric population are scarce. The inactivated vaccine CoronaVac has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in a phase 1/2 clinical trial in a pediatric cohort in China. Here, we report interim safety and immunogenicity results of a phase 3 clinical trial for CoronaVac in healthy children and adolescents in Chile. Participants 3 to 17 years old received two doses of CoronaVac in a 4-week interval until 31 December 2021. Local and systemic adverse reactions were registered for volunteers who received one or two doses of CoronaVac. Whole-blood samples were collected from a subgroup of 148 participants for humoral and cellular immunity analyses. The main adverse reaction reported after the first and second doses was pain at the injection site. Four weeks after the second dose, an increase in neutralizing antibody titer was observed in subjects relative to their baseline visit. Similar results were found for activation of specific CD41 T cells. Neutralizing antibodies were identified against the Delta and Omicron variants. However, these titers were lower than those for the D614G strain. Importantly, comparable CD41 T cell responses were detected against these variants of concern. Therefore, CoronaVac is safe and immunogenic in subjects 3 to 17 years old, inducing neutralizing antibody secretion and activating CD41 T cells against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials .gov under no. NCT04992260.)
Isolation of Thermophilic Bacteria from Extreme Environments in Northern Chile
(2024) Bernardita Valenzuela; Francisco Solís Cornejo; Rubén Araya; Pedro Zamorano
The northern region of Chile boasts unique geographical features that support the emergence of geothermal effluents, salt lagoons, and coastal creeks. These extreme climate conditions create polyextreme habitats for microorganisms, particularly adapted to survive these harsh environments. These extremophilic microorganisms hold immense potential as a source of hydrolytic enzymes, among other biotechnological applications. In this study, we isolated 15 strains of aerobic thermophilic bacteria (45–70 ◦C) from sediment samples collected at five different ecological sites, including hot springs, geothermal fields, and lagoons in the Atacama Desert and Andes high planes. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the isolates showed a close genetic similarity (98–100%) with microorganisms of the genera Parageobacillus, Geobacillus, Anoxybacillus, and Aeribacillus. Notably, these thermophiles exhibited significant hydrolytic enzyme activity, particularly amylases, lipases, and proteases. These findings underscore the potential of using these thermophilic bacterial strains as an invaluable source of thermozymes with wide-ranging applications in diverse industries, such as detergent formulations, pharmaceutical processing, and food technology. This research highlights the ecological significance of these extreme environments in the Atacama Desert and Andes high plains, which serve as vital ecological niches housing extremophilic bacteria as a genetic source of relevant thermozymes, promising great potential for innovation in the biotechnology industry.
New insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during and after the COVID- 19 pandemic
(2024) Jonatan J. Carvajal; Valeria García Castillo; Shelsy V. Cuellar; Claudia P. Campillay Véliz; Camila Salazar Ardiles; Andrea M. Avellaneda; Christian A. Muñoz; Angello Retamal Díaz; Susan M. Bueno; Pablo A. González; Alexis M. Kalergis; Margarita K. Lay
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the respiratory distress condition known as COVID-19. This disease broadly affects several physiological systems, including the gastrointestinal, renal, and central nervous (CNS) systems, significantly influencing the patient’s overall quality of life. Additionally, numerous risk factors have been suggested, including gender, body weight, age, metabolic status, renal health, preexisting cardiomyopathies, and inflammatory conditions. Despite advances in understanding the genome and pathophysiological ramifications of COVID-19, its precise origins remain elusive. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with a receptor-binding domain within angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This receptor is expressed in various organs of different species, including humans, with different abundance. Although COVID-19 has multiorgan manifestations, the main pathologies occur in the lung, including pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, and secondary bacterial pneumonia. In the post- COVID-19 period, different sequelae may occur, which may have various causes, including the direct action of the virus, alteration of the immune response, and metabolic alterations during infection, among others. Recognizing the serious adverse health effects associated with COVID-19, it becomes imperative to comprehensively elucidate and discuss the existing evidence surrounding this viral infection, including those related to the pathophysiological effects of the disease and the subsequent consequences. This review aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the impact of COVID-19 and its long-term effects on human health.
Response to static magnetic field-induced stress in scenedesmus obliquus and nannochloropsis gaditana
(2021) Génesis Serrano; Carol Miranda-Ostoijc; Pablo Ferrada; Cristian Wulff-Zotelle; Alejandro Maureira; Edward Fuentealba; Karem Gallardo; Manuel Zapata; Mariella Rivas
Magnetic fields in biological systems is a promising research field; however, their application for microalgae has not been fully exploited. This work aims to measure the enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic activity of two microalgae species in terms of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and carotenoids, respectively, in response to static magnetic fields-induced stress. Two magnet configurations (north and south) and two exposure modes (continuous and pulse) were applied. Two microalgae species were considered, the Scenedesmus obliquus and Nannochloropsis gaditana. The SOD activity increased by up to 60% in S. obliquus under continuous exposure. This trend was also found for CAT in the continuous mode. Conversely, under the pulse mode, its response was hampered as the SOD and CAT were reduced. For N. gaditana, SOD increased by up to 62% with the south configuration under continuous exposure. In terms of CAT, there was a higher activity of up to 19%. Under the pulsed exposure, SOD activity was up to 115%. The CAT in this microalga was increased by up to 29%. For N. gaditana, a significant increase of over 40% in violaxanthin production was obtained compared to the control, when the microalgae were exposed to SMF as a pulse. Depending on the exposure mode and species, this methodology can be used to produce oxidative stress and obtain an inhibitory or enhanced response in addition to the significant increase in the production of antioxidant pigments.
Sulfate Nutrition Modulates the Oxidative Response against Short-Term Al3+-Toxicity Stress in Lolium perenne cv. Jumbo Shoot Tissues
(2024) Hernan Vera Villalobos; Lizzeth Lunario Delgado; Anita S. Gálvez; Domingo Román Silva; Ana Mercado Seguel; Cristián Wulff Zottele
Al3+-toxicity in acidic soils is among the main abiotic stress factors that generate adverse effects in plant growth; in leaves, it affects several physiological parameters such as photosynthesis and ROS balance, leading to limited crop production. On the other hand, sulfur is a macronutrient that has a key role against oxidative stress and improves plant growth in acidic soils; however, the implication of sulfate nutritional status in the modulation of short-term Al3+-toxicity tolerance mechanisms in plant leaves are barely reported. This study is focused on the role of sulfate on the leaf response of an Al3-sensitive perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Jumbo) after 48 h of exposure. Lolium perenne cv. Jumbo seeds were cultivated in hydroponic conditions with modified Taylor Foy solutions supplemented with 120, 240, and 360 μM sulfate in the presence or absence of Al3+-toxicity. The L. perenne cv. Jumbo leaves were collected after 48 h of Al3+-toxicity exposure and processed to evaluate the effects of sulfate on Al3+ toxicity, measuring total proteins, mineral uptake, photosynthesis modulation, and ROS defense mechanism activation. The plants exposed to Al3+-toxicity and cultivated with a 240 μM sulfate amendment showed a recovery of total proteins and Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration levels and a reduction in TBARS, along with no changes in the chlorophyll A/B ratio, gene expression of proteins related to photosynthesis (Rubisco, ChlAbp, and Fered), or ROS defense mechanism (SOD, APX, GR, and CAT) as compared with their respective controls and the other sulfate conditions (120 and 360 μM). The present study demonstrates that adequate sulfate amendments have a key role in regulating the physiological response against the stress caused by Al3+ toxicity.
The Chilean COVID-19 Genomics Network Biorepository: A Resource for Multi-Omics Studies of COVID-19 and Long COVID in a Latin American Population
(2024) Iskra A. Signore; Gerardo Donoso; Pamela Bocchieri; Eduardo A. Tobar-Calfucoy; Cristian E. Yáñez; Laura Carvajal-Silva; Andrea X. Silva; Carola Otth; Claudio Cappelli; Héctor Valenzuela Jorquera; Daniela Zapata Contreras; Yolanda Espinosa Parrilla; Paula Zúñiga Pacheco; Macarena Fuentes Guajardo; Virginia A. Monardes Ramírez; Pia Kochifas Velasquez; Christian A. Muñoz; Cristina Dorador; Jonathan García Araya; Claudia P. Campillay Véliz; Cesar Echeverria; Rodolfo Alejandro Santander; Leslie C. Cerpa; Matías F. Martínez; Luis Abel Quiñones; Eduardo Roberto Lamoza Galleguillos; Juan Saez Hidalgo; Estefanía Nova-Lamperti; Sergio Sanhueza; Annesi Giacaman; Gerardo Acosta Jamett; Cristóbal Verdugo; Anita Plaza; Claudio Verdugo; Carolina Selman; Ricardo Alejandro Verdugo; Alicia Colombo
Although a lack of diversity in genetic studies is an acknowledged obstacle for personalized medicine and precision public health, Latin American populations remain particularly understudied despite their heterogeneity and mixed ancestry. This gap extends to COVID-19 despite its variability in susceptibility and clinical course, where ethnic background appears to influence disease severity, with non-Europeans facing higher hospitalization rates. In addition, access to high-quality samples and data is a critical issue for personalized and precision medicine, and it has become clear that the solution lies in biobanks. The creation of the Chilean COVID-19 Biorepository reported here addresses these gaps, representing the first nationwide multicentric Chilean initiative. It operates under rigorous biobanking standards and serves as one of South America’s largest COVID cohorts. A centralized harmonization strategy was chosen and included unified standard operating procedures, a sampling coding system, and biobanking staff training. Adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection provided broad informed consent. Samples were collected to preserve blood, plasma, buffy coat, and DNA. Quality controls included adherence to the standard preanalytical code, incident reporting, and DNA concentration and absorbance ratio 260/280 assessments. Detailed sociodemographic, health, medication, and preexisting condition data were gathered. In five months, 2262 participants were enrolled, pseudonymized, and sorted by disease severity. The average Amerindian ancestry considering all participant was 44.0% [SD 15.5%], and this value increased to 61.2% [SD 19.5%] among those who self-identified as Native South Americans. Notably, 279 participants self-identified with one of 12 ethnic groups. High compliance (>90%) in all assessed quality controls was achieved. Looking ahead, our team founded the COVID-19 Genomics Network (C19-GenoNet) focused on identifying genetic factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 outcomes. In conclusion, this bottom-up collaborative effort aims to promote the integration of Latin American populations into global genetic research and welcomes collaborations supporting this endeavor. Interested parties are invited to explore collaboration opportunities through our catalog, accessible online.

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